Unit+1+Study+Guide

Unit 1: Early Civilizations and the Classical Period 8000 BCE - 650 CE 
 * Buddha is born || 624 BCE  ||
 * Fall of Rome || 476 CE  ||
 * Start of Gupta Empire || 320 CE  ||
 * Start of the Roman Empire || 753 BCE  ||
 * Peloponnesian War || 431-404 BCE  ||
 * Gupta Empire beginnings || 240 CE  ||
 * Bronze Age begins || 2900 BCE  ||
 * Start of Mauryan Empire || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Consolas; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">323 BCE  ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Consolas; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neolithic Period begins || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Consolas; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9500 BCE  ||

>> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> 1) cities >> 2) governments >> 3) religion >> 4) social distinctions >> 5) artistic expression >> The first civilizations in the world emerged in river valleys in China, India, Africa, and the Middle East.
 * civilization

ESPIRIT Early Civilization ● Agriculture also lead to humans settling in one spot and let them focus on the economies of those populations. ● Because of agriculture, people needed to interact with one another, trading foods and other tools, thus developing the economy of the Neolithic period. ● Agriculture supported larger populations and citizens could afford to construct villages. ● Cities and villages helped develop the economy because they grew in wealth and power and allowed rapid exchange of ideas among different people. ● Technology advances caused more trading to take place. ● Agricutlure leads to pottery which leads to trade and the bronze age. || ● Women became inferior to men in many societies ● Large cities like Catal Huyuk were especially divided by social staus - the King was often seen as divine ● ulation of religion > court system > hierarchy: king as military leader || ● People began to specialize in ruling these communities; agriculture in Neolithic Rev. à more time for recreation opportunities, development of tribal leaders, etc. ● people oversaw communities, (ex. Catal Huyuk) = development of social classes. Bigger places > smaller places = ^^ political structures. ● Sumerians à cuneiform à treaties / ability to send messages/keep records. ● ** City states ** à // regulation // of religion à court system à hierarchy - king as military leader ● <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #fefe00; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Hammurabi’s Code - rules of procedures for courts of laws + regulated property rights. The early civilizations had begun to develop governments of their own and establish politics. || ● Links over other communities were created - some ruled over the smallest ones ● Writing allowed contracts and treaties (Sumerians were first to create a writing system called ** cuneiform. ** ) ● Nomads developed contacts among settled areas. ● There was coordination among communities to control irrigation systems. ● Warfare was vital to ensure slaves supply. ● Egypt was influenced by ** Mesopotamia’s ** trade and technology. || ● Men usually took the role of religious leaders ● Sumerians linked astrology to religion ● Sumerian cities had their own patron gods and believed in hell ● priests conducted rituals in temples ● prayers and offerings to prevent floods and guarantee good health were extremely important ● Sumerians influenced the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim cultures ● Egyptian ** pharaohs ** had godlike statuses || -The European settlers spanked their children which the American Indians did not approve of; they thought it was vicious and unnecessary. -Developed cuneiforms as away of communication. -based on what you worked as and what your gender was marked by your social structure. -Sumerians formed ziggurats and believed in many powerful gods. They said prayers to prevent floods and protect good health and they believed in Polytheism. - Hammurabi’s Code provided a set of rules for everybody to follow. - pyramids for the Pharaos. || ● Needed more steady food supply because of arise of population, so farming ● Farmed to often and that made the nutrients go away ● Started to get warmer ● Houses were being built more stronger and reliable ● New animals are domesticated ● A lot of nomad farmers used the SLASH AND BURN agriculture method ● ● Civilizations destroyed natural resources ● Got rid of stone tools and started using metal ones ● More wars and conflicts arose from that method ||
 * E || ● Agriculture lead to more complex economies.
 * S || ● Surplus led to job specialization à levels in society.
 * P || ● Rise of agriculture led to communities à “**group living”**
 * I || ● ** Trade ** was conducted with people living in surroundings most likely to keep peace.
 * R || ● Religious images (Male hunters and mother goddesses) were used to decorate the interior of homes
 * I || - With writing people could record records, tax more efficiently and make contracts and treaties.
 * T || ● Worlds population grew and expanded


 * neolithic revolution


 * Neolithic Revolution || The succession of technological innovations & changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture ||
 * Bronze Age || From about 4000 BCE when bronze tools were introduced to about 1500 BCE when iron began to replace it. ||
 * Catal Huyuk || Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture, located in modern Southern Turkey, larger in population that Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification ||
 * Civilization || Societies distinguished by a reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups ||
 * Ziggurats || Massive towers usually associated w/ Mesopotamian temple complexes ||
 * City States || A form of political organization typical in Mesopotamian civilizations, consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king ||
 * Sumerians || Mesopotamia c. 4000 BCE, created first civilization w/in region, organized into city-states ||
 * Hammurabi || Most important ruler of Babylonian empire, responsible for codification of law ||
 * Huanghe || (aka Yellow River) site of development of sedentary agriculture in China ||
 * Indus River || River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea, location of Harrapan civilization ||

> > 1) Probably the most significant change that took place with the Neolithic revolution was a dramatic increase in population. More food could sustain more people living together. > > 2) people needed to build permanent houses for protection and storing food > > 3) People began to specialize in certain crafts, social divisions began, laborers/merchants > > 4) Gender roles changed. Hunters and gatherers assigned similar roles to men and women. In the Neolithic revolution, the work that produced food became relegated to men, and household chores became the women’s job. Men came to be the dominant gender in society. Until 9000 BCE, hunter-gatherers were dominant, which helped propel migration and allowed humans to spread out all over the world and develop tools. However, there was a shift towards agricultural and herding societies around 8000 BCE, which is called the **Neolithic Revolution**, although it was not sudden as the term “revolution” implies. After the Neolithic Revolution, the next phase of human existence was the **Bronze Age,** in which metal tools replaced stone ones. The introduction of metal tools was influential to developing agricultural and herding societies. Once agriculture was established, civilization occurred in many but not all societies. **Civilizations** can be defined as societies distinguished by a reliance on agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups. Early civilizations formed in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Basin, and China. Mesopotamian societies had copper and bronze, invented the wheel, established a thriving pottery industry, and complex political structures that were a result of the need to cooperate between communities to irrigate crops. Sumerians were adept at writing, art, and mathematics. They had complex religious rituals and were organized into **city states (**A form of political organization typical in Mesopotamian civilizations, consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king.) After the **Sumerians** came the Babylonians, who were ruled by the famous **King Hammurabi**, who wrote on of the earliest codes of law which provided harsh punishments for most crimes but was intended to settle disputes and preserve fairness and justice. After the Babylonians, the Assyrians and eventually the Persians created large empires in the Middle East. Over in Egypt, the civilization remained a unified state throughout its history. Pharaohs, who built splendid pyramids as tombs for themselves, ruled the Egyptians. Egyptian culture had a strong influence on present-day Sudan. Kush invaded and interacted with Egypt at various points. Civilizations also sprang up along the **Indus River** by 2500 BCE, including cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. Indus River civilizations retained their own artistic and alphabet forms but also traded with Mesopotamian people. Civilization along the **Huang He** in China developed in isolation but the Chinese kept part-fact part-fiction records of the reigns of their early kings. However it is known that they carefully irrigated their crops in the fertile but flood-prone river valley and that the Chinese had advanced technology and a deep intellectual life. Most river valley civilizations declined after 1200 BCE. Some small centers did emerge in the Middle East, which furthered innovations including the religion of Judaism. Generally, early civilizations, both separated and integrated key groups of people.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Effects of Neolithic Revolution:
 * Early Religions/Philosophies - Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, Judaism, Roman/Greek, Polytheism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity --> [|HERE]
 * Classical Empires

> <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à standardization of currency, weights, and measures || > || <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> S || <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à lower-class citizens were sometimes recruited to attend school to learn to be a bureaucrat > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> è Families lived together > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> è Women were expected to obey fathers, sons > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> è Three social groups: aristocracy, educated bureaucrats formed the top, laborers were in the middle, people w/ no useful skills @ bottom > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> è Strict laws & customs encouraged members of families to be deciplined and wise. > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> è Ppl of different classes not allowed to marry eachother > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> è “mean people” – lowest class, similar to india’s “untouchables” > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> è ** No caste system! SOCIAL MOBILITY (NONE IN INDIA) ** > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> - Intellectuals [top] > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> - Aristocrats > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> - Skilled & farmers > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> - Unskilled & merchants || > || <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> P || <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à expanded the powers of the bureaucracy (.2% of pop were bureaucrats) > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à Wu Ti implemented civil service exams (sometimes lower-class people were recruited) > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à gov’t backed Confucianism > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à strengthened central government > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à village leaders helped farming families regulate their work > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à operated military & judicial systems > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> è INTENSE FOCUS ON POLITICS. CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT. > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> è Legalism – used to rule over legal system > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> è Dynasties, cycle of rise & fall > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> è Set gov’t – bureaucracy & everyone reported back to emperor > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> è One set language which strengthened and united gov’t || > || <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> I || <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à Expanded Chinese territory into Korea, Indochina & Central Asia (led to contact w/ India and Parthian Empire) > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à Wu Ti enforced peace throughout Asia, which brought prosperity to China > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à invaded by the Huns, which brought China into a period of chaos from 220 to 589 BCE > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à ongoing attack on warrior landlords || > || <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> R || > || <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> I || > || <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> T || <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à gov’t sponsored canal & irrigation system projects > <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> --> paper invented ||
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> HAN CHINA
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> E || <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd;"> à gov’t very involved in economy, directly produced iron and salt
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in;"> Wu Ti urged support for confucism
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in;"> main focus was confucism = philosophy, not a religion
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in;">** chinese philosophy vs. indian religion **
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in;"> law of love = karma sutra
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in;"> calculated circumfrence of the earth
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in;"> developed concept of negative numbers
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in;"> made advances in plastic surgery
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in;"> indian art influenced by nature
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in;"> China tended to keep to itself, isolated
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in;"> silk road started in china helped trade & interactions

> <span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">In Classical China, power was inherited by blood, and royal families were called **dynasties.** The **emperor** was the supreme leader of the government. After the **Shang** Dynasty fell, the **Zhou** dynasty took power and lasted from 1020 BCE to 258 BCE and it featured decentralized government but also important cultural innovations. Regional rulers who made their own laws ruled China. The Zhou dynasty encouraged expansion of China’s territory. They also encouraged people to adopt the **Confucius** way of thinking. After the Zhou Dynasty was the **Era of Warring States**, in which regional lords battled for control. **Shi Huangdi** united China and formed the Qin Dynasty. However, Shi Huangdi turned out to be a tyrannical ruler who loved killing and torturing. Yet he did standardize weights, measures, currency and language, utilized censuses and built the **Great Wall of China.** He used excessive slave labor to build his public projects, which eventually causes an uprising that was his son and successor’s downfall. The rebellion led to the **Han Dynasty**seizing power 201 B.C.E. - 220 C.E. Emperor **Wu Ti** ushered in an era of peace for China. Wu Ti spread Confucianism and strengthened the government’s bureaucracy. The nation was prosperous; especially due to the way the **Silk Road** enabled farther and more extensive trade. China primarily focused on internal trade, however. The trade spread ideas and culture, most importantly**Confucianism and Taoism**. Chinese people practice these two philosophies together. The philosophies promoted intellectual advancements. > > > > The economies of China and India were similar, however they did differ in the amount of importance they placed on trade. Both economies had thriving metal and textile industries. Yet there were key differences. For one, the Indian upper class was richer than China's. Additionally, trade was emphasized in India more than in China. Merchants who conducted trade were given a higher status in India than they had in China. The geographic features of India put it in an ideal place to be a dominant trading power. The Chinese, however, were much more isolated in the way they conducted their trade. They focused more on internal trade throughout different parts of China, whereas India traded with Indonesia, Malaysia, the Middle East, and Rome. The one Chinese trading achievement was the Silk Road, a land trade route that connected Persians, the Chinese, Indians, and people of the Mediterranean. Although both civilizations had equally sophisticated technology and internal trade, India placed a much greater emphasis on international trade than China did. > > > <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> > > > || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Ashoka || || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, conquered Indian sub-continent, converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire || > > || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Gupta || || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Empire that lasted from 320 to 550 CE and covered much of the Indian sub-continent || > > || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Caste system || || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">division of society into four castes (Brahman at the top) arranged in a hierarchy, with the "Untouchable" (outcasts below everyone else. No social mobility, only possible through re-incarnation. || > > || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Hinduism || || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">encompasses many religious traditions that widely vary by culture, as well as many diverse beliefs and sects. The estimates of Hinduism's origin vary from 3102 BCE to 1300 BCE, and it is generally regarded as the world's oldest major religion. || > > || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Sanskirt || || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Sacred & classical Indian language || > > || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Upanishads || || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">philosophical texts of Hinduism || > > || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Dharma || || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Caste position determined by birth. This had to be accepted & in order to be reincarnated into a better position one had to perform to the best of their abilities. || > > || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Buddhism || || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama. Originating in India, Buddhism gradually spread throughout Asia to Central Asia, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Southeast Asia, as well as the East Asian countries of China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand. || > > || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Tamils || || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Seafaring Indians from the south who made fortunes with maritime internation trade of drugs, slaves, and gold || > > || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Chandragupta Maurya || || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Founder of Maurya dynasty, established first givernment in Indian sub-continent and first central gov’t since Harrapan civilization || > > || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Gurus || || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Brahman teachers at Gupta imperial court || > > || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Bhagavad Gita || || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Sacred texts of Hinduism || > > <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">India Summary > Classical India was a civilization focused on extensive internal and overseas trade, but because of its intense focus on religion it was never a political superpower. India had no centralized government and instead relied on reigional lords who definied their own laws. India had a strict caste system with no social mobility or inter-caste marriage. Brahamans were at the top of the social ladder and the "untouchables" at the bottom. The religions of India were Buddhism and Hinduism. Buddhism called for an elimination of the caste system and materialism, while Hinduism promoted both. Through trade (especially on the Silk Road) and missionary work, Indian ideas and culture were spread throughout the world. > > <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> > ** CLASSICAL INDIA ** > à **economy equal to China’s w/ technology, and India’s upper classes were probably richer than China’s** > à best steel in the world, as well as textiles & ironworking > à most manufacturing done by artisans who sold goods from their shops > à Indian merchants were high-class and traveled widely, not only around Asia but by sea to the Middle East and east Asia > à **the Tamils (seafaring southern Indians) earned fortunes trading cottons, silks, dyes, drugs, gold, ivory. They brought back slaves, wine, pottery, metals and above all //gold//.** > à caravan trade w/ China > à trade w/ Malaysia and Indonesia – sophisticated manufactured goods and also the trappings of India’s rich culture > à definitely agricultural > à huge economic gap b/w classes – most people near margins of subsistence > à || > || S  ||  è Male supremacy – wives worshippe dhusband like a god > è Believed in loving family life w/ emotional support > è Arranged marriages at a very young age, didn’t meet until wedding > è Womens rights got more and more limited as time went on > è Small children spoiled in the hopes that they would reciprocate later in life > è Indian peasants were not as restricted and poor like those of other countries > è No marital mixing of social classes allowed > è “untouchables” – lowest class (similar to china’s “mean people”)\ > è **Caste system* - very strict official, by-law, by-religion social structure** > - Top = bramins > - Warriors > - Skilled & merchants > - Ordinary workers > - Untouchables > ***NO SOCIAL MOBILITY – only way to “move up” is to die and be “re-incarnated” into someone of a higher caste, only happens if you do your very best as an unskilled worker. Helps w/ motivation in society. || > || P  ||  è Focused on religion & social classes rather than politics > è Aristocrats had enough power to decide on major issues > è Fell due to weak rulers > è NO CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT > è Ruled by regional rulers who could set their own laws > è Theocracy || > || I  || > || R  || || > || I  || > || T  || <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1pt; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; vertical-align: baseline;"> ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Aryans ||  || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">invaded and destroyed Indus River civilization, settled, moved to Ganges River. ||
 * E ||  à extensive internal & maritime trade
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">indian govts established an openness to religious diversity.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">two main religions were Hinduism and Buddhism
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">BUDDHA wanted to get rid of caste system and thought material posessions and materialism was wrong
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">Hindus call their religion //dharma//
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">hindus were polythesistic
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">divided between hinduism and buddhism
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">silk road
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">spread philosophie sthrough trade
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">spread cultural influence
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">mahonjendars = boats to help indian sailors gather fish
 * <span style="margin-bottom: .1pt; margin-top: .1pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-para-margin-bottom: .01gd; mso-para-margin-top: .01gd; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">vedic period - indian math was pythagorean triples and theorem

> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;"> > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE) - philosopher who taught Alexander the Great, observed the material world || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Roman republic - constitution of Rome that included the aristocratic Senate, panel of judges, and many assemblies** || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Socrates - philosopher, Plato was his protege, wanted people to rationally think before they acted, eventually sentenced to death because he corrupted the minds of Athenian young people || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Senate - democratic legislative body comprised of aristocrats** || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stoics - group of Greek philosophers, believed in inner independence, strict physical discipline, and bravery || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Punic Wars - series of three wars in which Rome conquered the Phoenician city of Carthage (spread salt around their fields to prevent crops growing, shows bitterness). || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plato - philosopher, taught by Socrates, proposed a government based on and ruled by philosophic principles || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Julius Caesar - victorious Roman general || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sophocles - Greek playwright and writer, wrote Oedipus Rex (King Oedipus) --> which is where the term psychology term <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">//Oedipus complex// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> comes from || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Augustus Caesar - Julius Caesar’s nephew, seized power in 27 BCE, after a period of rivalry following his uncle’s assasination, and established the basic structures of Roman Empire || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Iliad & The Odyssey - epic tales written by Homer that started the Greek tradition of literature and perpetuated the cultural obsession w. heroes || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diocletian and Constantine - strong emperors during Rome’s 250 yr fall who attempted to reverse the tide. Constantine adopted Christianity in order to unite the empire || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Doric, Ionic, Corinthian columns - three types of embellishments for Greek columns (listed in order of ornateness) || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Athens - Greek city-state known for being more intellectually than military focused. very into democracy, arts, and sciences, and education.** || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">consuls - held the executive power (like presidents?) || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Sparta - city-state that focused on war, and was ruled by a military aristocracy** || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cicero - Roman writer & senator who expounded on political theory (political ethics, duties of the citizen, political skills, and the importance of uncorrupted government) || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">direct democracy - not ruled through elected representatives || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Twelve Tables - 450 BCE, first Roman code of law, subjected everyone, including upper classes, to common legal principles** || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">helots - the slaves of Sparta, allowed them to focus on becoming soldiers rather than household tasks or agriculture. Spartans fought them once a year to reassure power. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“bread and circuses” - free public entertainment provided by the roman gov’t in order to prevent public unrest || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Greco-Roman religion - polytheistic, government-supported religion. gods’ lives resembled soap operas, provided study of human nature. gods provided explanations for things science could not yet account for. cities, humanities, etc had patron gods.** || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pericles - 5th century BCE Greek political figure that dominated politics, but had good ideas about democracy and didn’t favor aggressive expansion. ruled through influence & negotiation. || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Peloponnesian Wars - war between Athens & Sparta, weakened both sides, allowing them to be vulnerable to attack by Phillip II of Macedon || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Olympic Games - athletic competition that united the Greek city-states || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Hellenistic Period - Greek art & culture combined with that of Middle Eastern civilizations (Greeks were known as Hellenes)** || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alexandria - enlightened Egyptian city during Hellenistic Period, contained important scientific center || > || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Phillip II of Macedon - military commander, conquered Greece & his sons went on to control a large empire, built Alexandria. Ushered in Hellenistic Period. || <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Greece and Rome, the dominant classical Mediterranean civilizations, pursued different interests but had very similar economies, societal structures, religions, and artistic styles. The most glaring difference between Greece and Rome is that Rome, under Alexander the Great, expanded into a vast empire, whereas Greece, with its clusters of tiny city-states, was never successful in conquering other lands. Greece and Rome had similar government structures - both were democracies that were dominated by aristocrats. However, Greece was a direct democracy, while Roman citizens voted to elect representatives. The polytheistic Greco-Roman religion, was originated by Greece and adopted, with different God names, by Rome. The Greeks made important contributions to the arts, philosophy, and sciences, which the Romans preserved and often imitated. The Greeks and Romans developed similar economies, too, that emphasized agriculture and trade. Slavery and the oppression of women were present in both societies. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;"> > <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;"> > <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; white-space: normal;"> > || > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">*Sri Lanka > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">*China > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">*Japan > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">*Korea > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">*pockets of Chinese Buddhists remained (especially in northeast) > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">*other dissident groups who were unhappy w/ Hinduism > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> * called it a new religion (instead of a jewish reform movement) so non-Jews would be okay with converting > * Paul encouraged formal organization of church w/ appointed leaders - structure paralleled govt of empire > * collected works of several authors and disciples to create the Bible
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Greece** || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Rome** ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 36pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Buddhism || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 36pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christianity  ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">buddha spent his life traveling to spread his ideas to his disciples
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">monks helped spread Buddhism, while also making sure it retained coherence (didn’t distort when it spread from person to person)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">spread helped when Mauryan emperor Ashoka converted & advocated the religion, same w/ later Kushan emperors
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">opposition from brahmans and, later, Gupta emperors --> was popular but not the major religion in India
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">was most successful in other parts of SE Asia:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">spread among all regions & social groups once in China
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mahayana = east Asian form of Buddhism, increased focus on Buddha as a deity to be worshipped
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chinese form of Buddhism advocated for controlled, subservient, pious wives
 * ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">people gravitated towards Christian teaching b/c they offered hope in the face of the declining empire and the promise of equality in the afterlife
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">moved westward from its start in the middle east
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a fiercely confident religion - intolerant of other faiths and relied on missionary conversions
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">it was the result of people who were unhappy w/ strictness of Judaism --> movements that thought a Messiah would come and that there was an afterlife
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jesus of Nazareth - believed to be the son of God sent to redeem human sin
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">he preached widely in Israel & developed a band of disciples
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">after the Crucifixion, the second coming didn’t happen like they thought it would, so they fanned out and began preaching Jesus’s teachings --> rapid spread of Christianity
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">this happened at the perfect time: poor people in the west were unfulfilled by the sterile Greco-Roman polytheistic religion and were attracted to the passion and message of the Christian missionaries, missionaries used the wide reach of the Roman Empire to spread the word, and ultimately the new religion gave people something to cling to as the Roman Empire crumbled
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the disciples maximized their conversions:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">eastern Mediterranean -- state control of the church was a way of life
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">west - Pope gave the faith strength & independence
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">gained official favor when Emperor Constantine converted
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">combined Christianity w/ some older polytheistic tradition (ex xmas on winter solstice) to attract even more people
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">benefits for women = preached importance of both male and female souls and encouraged males and females to worship together ||

> > <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;"> > <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
 * Collapse of the Classical Empires
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">FALL OF ROME || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">FALL OF INDIA  || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">FALL OF CHINA  ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">factors contributing to the fall:

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">* weak emperors after 180 CE > > > > || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">central control weakened b/c elite families held more power than the emperor and started to make the emperors their puppets > > > > > > > ||
 * disputes over succession to the throne
 * army was too powerful and was allowed to intervene in selection of emperor
 * plagues that swept through Europe --> pop went from 1 mil to 250k (weakened economy, fewer soldiers)
 * ”decadence and arrogance” of elite Romans (corruption, greed, etc) || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">more gradual decline than China
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">last dynasty of classical period was overturned by an invasion of the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Huns**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">primary issue was the constant invasions - and the invaders were incorporated into Indian political structure, weakening the civilization even further
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">despite attacks, India still retained its cultural identity
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">also damaged China financially and militarily bc they wanted to be exempt from both taxes and drafts
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">invasions from central asia, especially the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Huns** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, overturned the Han dynasty
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">disease epidemics
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">220 - 89 state of chaos in China
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">order was finally restored, but by then the formative period of China was over
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">even w/ chaos, political structure and culture endured
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The decline and fall of the Roman Empire was a prolonged and complex process. There were a number of internal and external factors that contributed to the decline. After about 180 C.E., political confusion produced a series of weak emperors and many disputes over the succession to the throne. Intervention by the army in the selection of emperors complicated political life and contributed to the deterioration of rule from the top. Even more important in setting off the process of decline was a series of plagues that swept over the Empire. The population of Rome fell from a million people to 250,000, and subsequently, economic life worsened. This also created an obstacle to recruiting soldiers to defend the Empire. Furthermore, the decadence and arrogance of the Roman elite was also a factor in the erosion of Roman political power. Rome’s fall, in other words, can be blamed on large, impersonal forces that would have been hard for any society to control or to a moral and political decay that reflected growing corruption among the society’s leaders. “ || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The decline of classical civilization in India was less drastic than the collapse of Han China, but in some ways it left larger traces in later Indian history. By the sixth century, the Gupta Empire in central India was destroyed by Hun invasions. Many of the invaders were integrated into the warrior caste of India, forming a new ruling group of regional princes. For several centuries, no native ruler attempted to build a large Indian state. The regional princes, collectively called Rajput, controlled the small states and emphasized military prowess. During the seventh century, Arab incursions again threatened Indian political stability. To none of these challenges did India mount a challenge. Regionalism continued to prevail, leaving the subcontinent open just a few centuries later to partial conquest by Muslim rulers from the outside. India’s culture, however, did withstand attack, and, along with a pervasive caste system, preserved Indian identity during the invasions and even when the subcontinent fell under the foreign rule. “  || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“By about 100 C.E., the Han dynasty in China began to enter a serious decline. Confucian intellectual activity gradually became less creative. Politically, the central government’s control diminished, bureaucrats became more corrupt, and local landlords took up much of the slack, ruling their neighborhoods according to their own wishes. Ultimately the imperial court became mired in intrigue and civil war. This social unrest had much to do with China’s inability to push back invasions from borderland nomads, who finally overthrew the Han Dynasty outright. There were other factors that also contributed to the decline of classical Chinese civilization. The spread of devastating new epidemics killed up to half the population, which contributed to not only toppling the Han, but led to almost three centuries of chaos—an unusually long span in Chinese history. But China revived near the end of the sixth century, for the structures of classical China were simply too strong to be overturned. The bureaucracy declined in scope and quality, but it did not disappear during the troubled centuries. China thus had to recover from a serious setback, but it did not have to reinvent its civilization. “  ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">*** quoted material from http://wps.ablongman.com/long_stearns_worldhstbr_4/0,,45715-,00.html <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[|__http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/early_imperial_china/han.html__]

- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mesopotamians <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> develop trading + monetary systems, as well as their own independent business class. - <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sumerians <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> use slaves to farm - <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Egyptian <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">economy is government controlled. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-Government was active within the economy
 * || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mesopotamia || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">China || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">India || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Greece + Rome ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Develops as a result of the growth of agriculture.

-Internal trade was extremely important

-The production of luxury items such as silks and jewelery was greatly increased in Classical China, and rice-wheat trading had a substantial impact on internal trade. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">lots of internal & maritime trade.(more overseas trade than China) in a good, central location for overseas trade. used silk road. great steel (best in the world.) high class merchants who traveled extensively.Tamils = seafaring southern Indians who earned fortunes with overseas trade || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-trade was important -Was Agricultural based(grain and olives mostly) -Had a slave trade, and slaves were using in the fields and in mines ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">S || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Agricultural groups grow to large sizes, enough so that those within them could specialize in certain tasks

Nobles at the top, peasants/slaves at the bottom || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- 3 Distinct Social Classes -Bureaucrats and landlords -peasants -mean people

- Patriarchal, Confucianism supported respect for your superiors || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- huge economic gap between classes -caste system = NO SOCIAL MOBILITY AT ALL, only through reincarnation - no inter caste marriage - people were encouraged to work hard and be content w/ their caste in order to attain a higher status in their next life || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-Greek society was composed of people who were citizens, people who weren’t, and people who were slaves, there were also an aristocracy and peasants -In Rome, a similar thing occurred, with the rich on top, and the poor on the bottom -In both, men had a dominant role, and family was important || - Some governments taxed citizens - <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hammurabi’s code || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-The Han Dynasty was the first effective unified bureaucratic government
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Early societies appoint a king that has “divine rule”

-There was an estimated 130,000 bureaucrats in the Han Dynasty

-Civil Service exams were required to become a bureaucrat

-Government gave power to certain officials around the empire || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">theocracy. decentralized govt (regional princes ruled and determined laws.) too focused on religion to create a strongly structured government. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Both had forms of democracy and aristocracies -In aristocracies, the rich ruled, which was either good or bad,depending on the leaders -In democracies, the people decided who ruled -Greece was mostly made up of aristocracies, though Athens was a democracy -Rome had a form of both, citizens could elect people to to represent them in the senate, which was made up of aristocrats || - Trade with India - Living situations are congested --> spread of many things easliy, especially disease. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-Relied heavily on Confucianism which stressed obedience and piety
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Trade routes due to the many civilizations.

-Confucianism encouraged poetry, calligraphy, and other arts.

-Legalism - the state is a reflection of it’s people ||  || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-The Greeks had colonies in places, and most were interested in the outside world(some like Sparta weren’t) -Under Alexander, there was a lot of interaction with the known world, though this did not last -The Roman empire had a lot of interaction around it’s borders, mostly trade, though some conflict -Rome knew of goods from places though trade, though not of the actual countries ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">R || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Those living in the Catal Huyuk have strong beliefs in the “Mother Goddess”- || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-Daoism, based upon forces of nature, more spiritual than alternative philosophies.

-Yin and Yang || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- religion: mainly HINDUISM & BUDDHISM - religious diversity - buddhism wanted to get rid of caste system & material wealth obsession - brahmans were Hindu spiritual leaders || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-Greece and Rome were polytheistic,with each having one ruling god, and a pantheon -Not everyone was satisfied with this ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Cuneiform --> Sumerian alphabet + first writing. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-Han Dynasty was peaceful and introverted.

-Silk road helped promote interactions between China and other societies. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- silk road - spread philosophy, culture through trade - trade w/ indonesia and malaysia - caravan trade w/ china - less isolated than china ||  || - pottery - slash and burn agriculture - metal tools || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-Astronomy advanced
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">T || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- irrigation systems

-Medical and mathematical feats achieved

-Paper was invented in Han China || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- indian math achievements : pythagorean triples and theorem
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mahonjendars = boats to help indian sailors gather fish ||   ||