India

Indian Independence
 * The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order
 * WWI, first time Europeans actually used the colonies as fighting areas
 * colonies also supplied food for Triple Entente powers at home
 * British extension of industrialization into India bc they lacked space
 * African & Asian administrators gained greater responsibility for the first time
 * colonizers made promises to colonized peoples to keep them loyal, but frequently went back on these promises --> postwar agitation of spread of colonialization
 * India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj
 * by late 19th century Western-ed minority had been politically organized for a long time
 * Indian nationalist later emulated by other countries bc it was so vital to the British empire
 * Egypt was also important
 * key themes of the revolution (later copied)
 * leadership of Western-educated elites
 * charismatic leaders helping to spread the anticolonial struggle to the peasant & urban masses
 * nonviolent forms of proresr
 * **National Congress Party** led the indians to independence & then governed
 * NCP members were high-ranking in the Raj, INDIAN ELITE.
 * emphasized nonviolent forms of protest
 * unfair treatment by British
 * started out as study clubs of Western ed elites in major cities like Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras
 * at first when founded as a congress in 1885 had blessing of Brits who saw it as a way to ward off discontent
 * very few staff or lobbyists at first -- and didnt accomplish much
 * firmly loyal --> but then became troubled by British racism
 * poor salaries and limited opps
 * new sense of Indian nationalism because of shared grievances and similar educational and class backgrounds
 * Social Foundations of a Mass Movement
 * broadening of causes to gripes that everyone in India had --> ^ nationalism
 * businessmen angered @ favoritism at British investors
 * drain of resources under British rule
 * India's budget --> army fighting irrelevant wars far away
 * Indian govt always buying British goods
 * forcing of farmers to grow cash crops for British instead of food --> famines :(
 * more Indians being western educated
 * 14 points -- self determination
 * before ww1 - British said they'd give them more rights, but then went back on the promises
 * The Rise of Militant Nationalism
 * some of the issues appealed to devout Hindus
 * like protection of cows, but alienated other faiths
 * some leaders like **BG Tilak** felt that Hindus were the majority so they should make the rules
 * opposed womens rights initiatives
 * Tilak became the first nationalist leader with a mass following, but his brand of reactionary Hinduism alienated other factions of the religion and people of other faiths
 * imprisoned by British --> six years in exile in Burma, lost his popularity
 * Other Hindu communalists used violence as a way to get their points across to the British, but the British squashed the rebellions bc they never gained mass support
 * ultimately, the removal of these terrorist groups helped to provide economic and social rights to the Indians with the **Morley-Minto reforms**.The prospects of gaining new legal rights and independence from Great Britain seemed likely, but soon backfired with later legislations. A new leader would rise up and fight for these rights in a passive-aggressive manner.
 * The **Montagu-Chelmsford reforms** increased the power of Indian legislators at all levels of the government, but was counteracted by the **Rowlatt Act** which placed severe restrictions on key civil rights.
 * **Mohandas Ghandi** became a new leader to protest against these injustices committed by the government.
 * Ghandi gained a mass following with his nonviolent civil disobedient approach he called **satyagraha.**
 * Bengalis -- terrorists, underground meetings, freedom fighters

LEADERSHIP ANALYSIS OF GANDHI Leader Analysis Sheet 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948 ||
 * Name of Leader: Mohandaas Gandhi ||
 * Lifespan

India || Years in Power South Africa 1893-1914 India 1915-1945 ||
 * Title: political leader of India during the Indian independence movement ||
 * Country/region:
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * emergence of Western-educated elite in india
 * complaints against British
 * indian budget went to far away, irrelevant wars
 * forced to grow cash crops --> famine
 * reneging on promises of giving Indians more rights
 * BG Tilak -- too radical & violent, alienated moderates & got imprisoned
 * National Congress party - peaceful lobbying, but not accomplishing much
 * bengali terrorism
 * localized protests against Great Britain ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * peaceful civil disobedience
 * disobeying unjust laws in a purposeful but nonviolent manner, and accepting consequences of this
 * called **satyagraha**
 * sense of moral purpose & good bargaining powers
 * had experience both as a Western-educated lawyer and a Hindu guru ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power


 * gained mass appeal among middle class western-educated Indians
 * this got him a following of nationalist politicians ||
 * Short-Term effects:


 * helped the rebellions in India surge in the 20s and 30s
 * made sure Indian independence was nonviolent, and a nationalized issue rather than a local one, or one that only one class was concerned with || Long-Term Effects


 * pioneered civil disobedience
 * methods used by MLK & civil rights movements ||

>  What is an Identity An identity is the way you define yourself, your characteristics. It can include your background, past experiences, likes and dislikes, hopes and dreams, family, culture, country of origin, racial/ethnic makeup, sexual orientation, age, gender. Identity also changes. Our identities are a combination of our past experiences, current state of being, and future goals and plans. The people we meet, the books we read, the classes we take, the movies we watch, all influence us.
 *  How are our identities formed
 *  How does our identity influence the way we see ourselves and others

We are probably more likely to identify with people who are similar to us. But people with dissimilar identities can have profound effects on us because they give us different perspectives.

Conformity is the requirement placed on a group of people to have the same identity Society can decide who belongs based on popular opinion, or the whims of those who hold power. Yet often there are other factors like religion, culture, and tradition. Our attitudes and beliefs basically decide for us what we think, without us having to reflect, analyze, or process information at all. Belonging to a group is something most people seek to do; it provides comfort and support. As the saying goes, "safety in numbers." People want to feel that they are not alone, that they are similar to others, that they are not "strange" or "weird" or "different." They, above all, do not want to be alone.
 *  What is conformity
 *  How does a society decide who belongs and who does not?
 *  How do our attitudes and beliefs influence our thinking?
 *  What does it mean to belong to a group?
 *  How is membership defined and by whom is membership defined?

Membership is usually defined by those in power, or if those in power as so inclined, by the majority opinion. Often the right persona, family, culture, and mannerisms are required for membership.







This was difficult! But I believe that anything right of the Arabian peninsula not including India & China and not going North into Europe qualifies as the Middle East, based on cultural and political and geographic similarity. I was unsure about India, Egypt, and Kazakhstan. Actually, nevermind. Egypt speaks Arabic, so I feel



Outlne notes 661-666. ad 727-729 **Egypt & The Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East**
 * double-colonization of Egypt - by the Turkish khedives & their British advisors
 * nationalism BEFORE colonization
 * **Lord Cromer** dominated government policy "high comissioner of egupt
 * pushed for economic reforms
 * sweeping government reforms
 * public works projects
 * prosperity, but only for elites at expense of masses

>
 * as elite power grew, conflict w masses
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dinshawai incident - 1906, confrontation between British & their Egyptian subjects, exemplified racism of the European colonizers
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">limited fatalities, but excessive force by British lost them any popularity they still had
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">leaders realized cooperation wasnt a real option

>> >> >> **War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East**
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">resistance to European colonization --> rest of Middle East
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Ataturk** rallied Turkish forces & prevented them from colonizing Turkish land
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1923 independent Turkish republic

>>> Both the Jewish Zionists and the Arabs were betrayed by the British after WWII -- British reneged on agreement to give the Palestine to them
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The **World Zionist Organization** = promoted creating a Zionist state from Palestine
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">British did not support Zionist migrations
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">influx of Zionists created hostility w arabs
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">British eventually gave independence to Egypt after the formation of the **Wafd party** under the rule of **Sa'd Zaghlul**
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Egypt was left weakened & vulnerable
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">condition of freedom = dont led foreigners invade, or else British will intervene
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">results: m bankruptcy, illiteracy, as well as abuse of power
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">need for reforms went unnoticed.

>>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> LEADERSHIP ANALYSIS OF >>>> Nasser >>>> >>>> || Lifespan >>>> 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970 || >>>> || Country/region: >>>> Egypt || Years in Power || >>>> || >>>> >>>> |||| Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power >>>> |||| Ideology, Motivation, Goals: >>>> |||| Significant Actions & events During Term of Power >>>> >>>> || Short-Term effects: >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> LEADERSHIP ANALYSIS OF Ruhollah Khomeini >>>> || Lifespan >>>> September 22 1902 - June 3 1989 || >>>> || Country/region: >>>> Iran || Years in Power || >>>> |||| Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power >>>> |||| Ideology, Motivation, Goals: >>>> |||| Significant Actions & events During Term of Power >>>> >>>> || Short-Term effects: >>>> >>>> >>>> Independence, both gaining it and maintaining it, was a challenge for newly independent Middle Eastern states - internal rivalries, threat of civil war, and other conflict existed between social and ethnic groups. Population increases hampered economic growth, as did the make up of the international market, and the pre-existing underdevelopment of the economies even before the revolutions. Leaders staged revolutions in order to deliver on previous promises of social reform and economic improvement, which was what had garnered them support in the first place. Middle Eastern strategies were varied, including socialism, civil disobedience, religious fundamentalism, de-Westernization, and radical violence. Iran's revolution produced a religious theocracy in which a secular law code was replaced by one in which Islam made the rules, and violations were punishable by violence. The Iran-Iraq war, in which Khomeini stubbornly refused to abandon his personal vendetta against Saddam Hussein thus caused untold bloodshed and suffering for the people of Iran, showed the dangers of dictatorship. Egypt became a socialist state, with the government under Gamal Nassar controlling all aspects of life and economy while also being very progressive socially and economically. Unfortunately, many of these socialist initiatives did not go as planned and weakened the country in the long run.
 * Name of Leader: Gamal Abdul Nasser ||
 * Title: 2nd president of Egypt ||
 * = 23 June 1956 – 28 September 1970 ||
 * <span style="color: #000000; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">head of the Free Officers movement & a general
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">corruption in the government
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">rich minority and Europeans took advantage of the people
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">rebellions like the Muslim Brotherhood
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">radical approach to economic & social reform
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">charismatic & able young general
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">socialist
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">wanted increased government control
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">wanted Europe out of egypt
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">wanted to help landless poor out of Egypt
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">seized power in 1952 coup
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">forced through reform programs that they thought would benefit Egypt
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">intervened in all areas of Egyptian life
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">land reform measures
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">state-financed education through college
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">government became huge employer
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">schemes for industrial growth
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">established economic independence
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">restrictions on foreign investment
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">interventionist foreign policy
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">cement socialist revolutions in neighboring countries
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">create Arab unity
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">destroy Israeli state
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1956 - rallied international opinion to outst the British & French from the Suez Canal
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">caused huge changes in government
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">restricted European involvement in Egypt
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">banned all political parties -- justified it by saying that parties split country & weaken it
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">many initiatives did more harm than good
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">landlords held onto estates
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">bureaucratic corruption
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Aswam Dam project = disaster
 * took control of Egypt
 * placed Egypt in hand of egyptians for first time since 6th century BC
 * Long-Term Effects
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">economic burden of heavy costs because of failed policies & initiatives
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">damaged egypt economically
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">forced europeans out of egypt ||
 * Title: 2nd president of Egypt ||
 * = 3 December 1979 – 3 June 1989 ||
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">iran hadn't been formally colonized but was informally influenced by Great Britain & Russia
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">no western-ed middle class or developed bureaucracy
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">very sudden decision to westernize by Pahlavi shahs --> alienated masses, especially religious, helped lead to rev.
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">iran felt effects of colonization although it wasnt colonized
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">decision to westernize got rid of many religious leaders
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">religious purification
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">rejoining of politics & religion
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">wanted to return Muslim society to how it was back in the age of Muhammad
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">wanted to topple autocratic, western-backed shah and the Pahlavi dynasty
 * <span style="color: #ff00ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">unite Iran, push west out of area
 * promised followers magical protection & instant paradise
 * purged Iran from "satanic" Western influence
 * strict Islamic religious codes established instead of secular law ---> violent harsh punishments
 * obligatory veiling of women
 * planner's drew up grand improvement initiatives that never came to fruition bc of Iraq-Iran war
 * war swallowed Iranian energies & money for almost a decade
 * became a personal vendetta for Khomeini --> refusal to negotiate upped losses, catastrophic deaths
 * ignored the fact that they were clearly outmatched in many ways by Saddam Hussein
 * humiliating armistice in 1988 --> iran in shambles, shortages of necessities
 * untold loss and suffering for Iran people during the Iraq-Iran war because he made it a personal war
 * this also devastated the country economically
 * food shortages, etc
 * Long-Term Effects
 * ultimately, brutal internal repression & lack of freedom, and many misguided development schemes --> did not improve Iran in any way ||

Iran Notes
 * Religious Revivalism and Rejection of the West**
 * 1979 revolution led by **Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini** was a return to fundamentalism, goal was to overthrow the Iranian shah and the Pahlavi dynasty (de-Westernization
 * they promised magic rewards for participating in religious wars (claimed to be divine)
 * Iran was informally colonized by Great Britain & Russia who were highly influential
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">not a strong bureaucracy bc it wasnt formally colonized
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Lacking a Western-educated segment of the population
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Promised to rescue the Islamic faith from the colonizing Westernerners
 * Shahs fled but then regained power in 1853 with a CIA-cooperated coup and tried to enact social and economic reform through the government
 * middle classes were angered by dictatorship administration of Western govt
 * disregarded Islamic practices
 * angered ayatollahs and the mullahs
 * economic favoritism alienated most levels of society, rich & poor
 * Khomeini repressed opposing parties
 * moderates replaced w radicals, secular law code was replaced with a stritct islamic law code
 * harsh, violent punishments
 * decline sharply in womens rights
 * women forced to be veiled, lack of freedom and respect
 * financial burden of Iran-Iraq war was a lot to handle
 * humiliating 1988 surrender
 * food & crops shortages
 * financially drained
 * financially drained