Unit+2+Study+Guide

650 - 1450

 - Trade and commerce developed  - Produced rice and millet, but too expensive to transport  - traded horses and persain rugs and tapestries = imported.  - Juinks were the ships that they traveled on, highly advanced ships.  - Flying money = reduction in robbery and theft. - Paper money  S – Allowed for social mobility through the Imperial  - Examination system, which let young men rise in power in the bureaucratic system.  - The class system was very strong with people expected to respect  - Women had a lot of rights and social status.  - Wore men clothes  - Educated  - Consent needed to be mutual for divorce  - Gave slightly more freedom to women than the song  - Tended to farms and other gorverment work  I - Estbalished a law code and reovated the canal system to encouraged trade and communication. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Block printing led to mass literacy. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - reintroduced the use of confucian scholars in running government and expanded their influence into central and southeast asia. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Advancements in medicine and time. R﻿<span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> ﻿ ﻿ - Buddhism was introduced to China during the Han Dynasty via the Silk Road, but reached it's peak during the Tang Dynasty. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - The spread of Buddhism helped create tolerance and understanding of other counbtries, which in turn helped create connections. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Buddhism was very influential, and highly popular amoung the lower class. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Daoism is the way, and it's main message is about finding the ultimate truth to the unvierse <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Very popular <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> I - the army conquered many territories <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Started to repair damage done to the great wall and built frontier armies. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - became military unit. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - they educated conquered people <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - extended to parts of Tibet, the red river valley and Vietnam and Manchuria <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - The yangtze river became intergrated with china <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> T - Engineering advancements = grand canal, dikes and dams, and bridges. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> Advancements = woodblock printing, paper money emrged, junks, first clockworkmechanisms escapement, catrography (more accurate maps, graduated scale, first map of China as a whole <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Alchemy = used new techniques in chemistry, used chemistry to banish clothes..? || <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> E - Urbans centers – Towns grew into cities <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Expansion of commmerce and increaded production and gave way to growth <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Bureaucracy was filled with well piad officials with llittle work to do. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - The capital of the Song dynasty was Hangzhou <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Protection of its northern borders drained their wealth. <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding: 0in;">- Taxed the landlord <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> S - A feudal type system developed in rural areas, where agriculture was popular <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - A scholar-gentry class developed from the bureaucracy <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Had the tests like Tang <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Very similar to Tang <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Footbinding for women. No independence. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Women’s virtue and virginity were prized <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Men dominated social sphere <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Suppressed women. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> I- Entertainment was popular amoung its peaple. The performance arts gained popularity and the industry was revovling around entertainment was developed. Available to upper and middle class. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Revival of Neo- confucianism, the revival of previous teachinsg. Very popular amount the Song people. EDUCATION AND WRITING <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Footbinding <span style="color: #ff0000; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">R <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">- Buddhism was spread, Chan and Zen was popular amoung the upper class. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Neo confucionism was popular, more of a social idea rather than religious one. Men were superior. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - They were not tolerant of Buddhists. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> I - Emperor Taizu failed to conquer the Kitan peop[le from Manchuria that rised in Northern Liao dynasty. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Other nomadic people were encourgaed to invade the kingdom from the northern borders. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Jurchens overthrew the Liao kingdom and replaced it with the Jin kingdom. The result of th eJurchens taking over the Yellow River basin was the Song dynasty moving south which later became the Southern Song Dynasty. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> T - Song army ships, equipped with naphatha flame throwers, poisonous gasesm and rocket luanches. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - coal was now beingh applied to sea navigations. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - the abucus, helped merchants count their profits. || <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> E - Grand Canal for internal trade and to supply millet and rice in bulk easier to the south. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - External trading had become a huge success, and with the help of junks, chinese traders could go overseas to other merchants. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Flying money was like a credit card. Opened trade with other countries <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Both civilizations were keen on farming and agriculture. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - relied on trade and expansion <span style="display: block; font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding: 0in;">- Used the silk road <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> S – Practiced footbinding <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Unfair double standards about pre-marital sex. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> - Disagreed with Buddhist ideas of wom en' <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> I - Confucians is applied in both dynasties. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> R - Buddhism helped created tolerance and undering for other countries and it helped make connections. <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> I || <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 36pt; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**The Early Abassid Era** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">* Under the Abassids, who succeeded the Umayyads, Islam became a universal religion that spread across much of North Africa and Euro-Asia. With their capital at Baghdad, Islamic civilization flourished under the Abassids, even as the empire began to fragment into regional power centers. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24pt; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Abassid Decline** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">* By the mid-9th century CE the Abassid dynasty had begun to lose control over the vast empire it had won from the Umayyads. Political decline and social turmoil were offset by many, however, by the urban affluence, inventiveness, and artistic creativity of the late Abassid age.
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Tang || <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Song || <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Shared ||
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> E – Built the Grand Canal
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**E** || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">wealth of landlord and merchant social classes increased **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">profits from trade went back into new commercial ventures, purchase of land, and construction of mansions, and (as directed by the pillars) charity **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">handicrafts increased, which fed urban growth. artisans formed guild associations. ** ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**S** || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">growing acceptance of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Malawi** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (converts, non-Arab muslims) as equals, new converts were treated the same as first-generation believers
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">slavery was present - slaves did manual labor in the towns and countryside and in the city they served the caliph & advisors
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">social status increased for the landlord and merchant classes
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">landed elite in the countryside called <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**ayan** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, both newcomers & long-established landlords. these owners let peasants occupy their land as tenants, sharecroppers, or migrant laborers. ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**P** || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Baghdad -** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Abassid capital
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Abassid caliphs lived in luxury w/ a posse of scribes, bureaucrats, slaves, and servants
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**wazir-** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">chief administrator & head advisor to the caliph, growing power was the sign of the bureaucratization, they created an infrastructure that allowed Abassi caliphs to collect tributes from far lands
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Persian families became very powerful politically and were close to the throne, especially when the Abassid rulers became less interested in the affairs of the state ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">increase in Africa-Europe trading
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arab <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**dhows** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, ships w/ triangular sails, carried goods
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muslim merchants often teamed up w. Jews and Christians (different Sabbaths = weeklong business) ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**R** || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">new efforts to convert, mostly towards Arab peoples outside the Arabian peninsula. most people converted out of the appeal of the religion & b/c believing offered certain advantages (financial, more opportunities, etc.) ** ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**I** || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">at first there was an architectural focus - great mosques & palaces
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">shift to focus on science & math, but scholars were also involved in religion, law & philosophy
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Greek classic scholarly works by people such as Aristotle and Hippocrates in the subjects of math, astronomy, medicine, etc were preserved & translated
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">adopted the achievements of conquered places & transmitted them around the empire (ex Indian number system) ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**T** || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">urban expansion ||


 * Paradoxically, even as the political power of the Abassids declined, Islamic civilization reached new heights of creativity and entered into a new age of expansion.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**E** || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">courtly excess and dependant wives, servants, and courtiers were a huge <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**financial drain**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">civil wars over succession and the violence caused by the mercenary army drained the treasury
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">finances also hurt by caliphs attempting to set up new capitals (new mosques, monuments, public buildings etc had to be set up in each one)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">need to support mercenary troops also weighed heavily on finances, especially peasants because they were the ones being heavily taxed
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muslim & Jewish entrepreneurs amassed great fortunes supplying the cities of the empire w/ exotic goods ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**S** || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">slave mercenary army <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> was a huge force. also slaves were in higher demand as the Abassid elite grew steadily wealthier. slaves were prized for their beauty & intelligence, so female slaves were often better educated them free women.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">peasants bore the brunt of the taxation as a result of economic decline -- decreased their quality of life
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">they perished from flood, famine, or violent assault -- some just fled into the wilderness or other countries to avoid tax collectors
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">women were subjugated <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> during the Abassid dynasty more than they had ever been in the past
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">two main symbols of this: harem & the veil. in the harem women were restricted to forbidden quarters of the imperial palace. free women had to wear veils to go out in public.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">women could be married off starting at age 9 and could have no real occupation outside the home. ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**P** || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">during the reign of the third caliph, al- Mahdi, the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">courtly excess and political division were apparent - these factors contributed to the empire’s decline
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shi’a revolts & asassination attempts against the Abassids haunted the dynasty
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> al- Mahdi failed to solve the issue of succession, and allowed the mothers of different candidates to battle it out w/ political intrigue. within a year his eldest son was poisoned --> so next caliph was Harun al-Rashid
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Harun al-Rashid was one of the most famous and enduring Abassid caliphs, who also had a taste for luxury. eventually became a pawn of a Persian advisor family. (this was a trend - <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">from the 9th century on most caliphs were just figurehead pawns in the struggles between different political factions at court <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">after Harun al-Rashid died, there were several full-scale political wars over the succession
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the mercenary army that was assembled by caliph candidates hoping to win the expected civil wars over succession soon became a political party in itself --> assassinated and poisoned leaders, chose caliphs, the armies leaders were henceforth the real power behind the throne, caused social unrest such as food riots


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">regional dynasties started making moves to supplant the Abassids:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Buyids** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of Persia captured Baghdad and took the title of sultan. After that, the calpihs were just puppets for these types of dynasties. but even the new dynasties couldnt prevent the further decline of the empire.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Buyids were supplanted by the Seljuk Turks, nomadic invaders from Asia, who ruled in the name of the caliphs for the next two centuries and defeated the Byzantines as well as rival dynasties ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shi’a sects, ready to get back at the in-power Sunnis, started peasant revolts against the Abassids
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shi’a rose to power during the power of the Buyids, but the Sunni Seljuks purged the regime of Shi’a officials


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CRUSADES- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christian knights from western Europe wanted to capture the biblical holy land, they first struck from 1096 - 1099 when the Muslim empire was politically divided and had the element of surprise. They took Jerusalem and massacred the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants of the city.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">there were eventually 8 crusades in total. Muslim princes didnt pay them much attention and continued to have mini civil wars. when the empire was actually united, such as it was under <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Saladin** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, it was able to reconquer everything it had lost to crusaders.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">effects : Christians returned home w. Muslim goods and ideas ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**R** || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">resurgence of mysticism injected Islam w/ new life
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">at the same time, orthodox scholars such as the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**ulama** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> grew hostile to science and non-Islam ideas (partially bc of Crusades)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">thinkers like al-Ghazi struggled to fuse Greek classical scholarship and the Quar’an, often having their ideas rejected by the orthodox scholars
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Sufis -** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">wandering mystics who sought a personal union w Allah
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**I** || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Crusades intesified European borrowing of Muslim intellectual achievements such as Arabic numerals, science, decimal systems, etc.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">they also were influenced by Muslim chivalry, games, & troubador ballads
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Persian replaced Arabic as the language of the court
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Persian literature flourished.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Shah-Nama (Book of Kings)** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- by Firdawsi related the complete history of Persia in beautiful poetry. it was often read aloud to musical accompaniment.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">science achievements - objective experiment, and classification of animals, vegetation, and minerals
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**T** || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the irrigation systems that were such an achievement fell into disrepair, and in some places stopped working entirely
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muslim weaponry was so advanced that Europeans copied it ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**T** || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the irrigation systems that were such an achievement fell into disrepair, and in some places stopped working entirely
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muslim weaponry was so advanced that Europeans copied it ||


 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How did the death of Muhammad lead to the Expansion of Islam?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The death of Muhammad led to a period of chaos before Abu Bakr was chosen as the caliph. Abu Bakr’s military commanders turned out to be extremely talented and conquered first all the groups that turned their backs on the faith, and later conquered non-believers after the Ridda Wars.
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What were the motivations for Islamic conquest?
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">unified by Islam faith, so they had a sense of common cause & strengtg
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">wanted to stand up to non-Arab rulers who had looked own upon them
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">good way to release pent-up energy of the Bedouin tribes who were so used to constant bloody warfare
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">** financial reasons - wealth gained during plundering of raided places & in the tributes these places would pay once conquered
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">was <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__not__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a war intended to convert people to the faith (if it was, they’d have to share the booty and pay a tax bc they were a more major religion like Christianity and Judaism)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How were the Umayyads able to defeat their adversaries?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The weakest adversary was the Sasanian Empire of Persia, which had a puppet emperor who was controlled by the aristocrats. The Sasanian leaders underestimated the Arab armies and sent out sub-par armies to fight them- this was their fatal mistake. Muslim warriors broke into the Sasanian heartland and caused the Sasanians to retreat after the vast empire collapsed. By 650, the last Sasanian ruler was assasinated, and Muslim victory was final. The Arab invaders had similarly impressive Muslim victories in the provinces of the Byzantine empire, but they proved to be more difficult to defeat in the end than the Sasanians. However, they fell because the frontier Arab tribes defected and joined the invaders and the invaders had support from the Christians of Syria and Egypt (since Muslim rulers would be more tolerant and wouldnt persecute them like the Byzantine leaders did.) The Byzantine Empire survived, but after the invasion it was a kingdom under seige.
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What caused the major division in Islam?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The divide was mostly over how the treasure from the conquered enemies should be divided up among the tribal groups in the Islamic community. In 656, the disagreement turned to violence after the murder of Uthman (an Umayyad), the third calpih, by mutinous warriors returning from a campaign in Egypt. Ali’s supporters proclaimed him caliph in the aftermath of Uthman’s death. Uthman was unpopular, but his clan the Umayyads were angered at Ali’s refusal to punish Uthman’s murderers. They swore to avenge Uthman and fighting broke out between the two factions- the Umayyad supporters (or Sunnis) and Ali’s supporters (or Shi’a). Over time, the Sunnis and Shi’a developed different customs, rituals, beliefs, and laws that widened the divide.
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What was the extent of the Islamic Empire under the Umayyads?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By the 700s, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain in the west to central Asia in the east.
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How were people of the book treated under the Umayyads?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Umayyads wanted to limit interaction between the Muslim warrior elite and non-Muslims, because intermarriage would mean conversion and the loss of taxable subjects (only non-Muslims could be taxed.) However, the city bedouin tribes were soon intermarrying and interacting with local conquered populations. Although it had few social or political benefits for them, some people were voluntarily converting to Islam, even though as converts they still had to pay the taxed associated with being non-believers. Because of these drawbacks, conversions during the Umayyad empire era were generally low. The dhimmi, or people of the book, (included Jews, Christians, Hindus of India, Zoroastrians of Persia) were generally tolerated by the Muslim overlords. They were taxed heavily but allowed to worship as they pleased and have their own legal systems and communities. This made Arab rule tolerable, especially because many previous administrations had been cruel to “people of the book.”
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Explain gender structures under the Umayyads

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muhammad stressed the importance of marriage, denounced casual sex and prostitution, and gave women say in who they would marry and allowed them to receive the money from their bride-price. He strengthened the rights of women in divorce and marriage. Women played a huge role in Islam, recording customs and being martyrs for the faith. Muhammad’s wives and daughters had helped greatly to compile the Quar’an. Women were often politically active and pursued a variety of legitimate occupations.
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What factors led to the decline of the Umayyads?
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Umayyad caliphs were addicted to luxury & soft living - alienated the Muslim faithful with their gaudiness and aloofness
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">enraged people & sparked revolts b/c they had strayed so far from the simple, frugal Muslim ideal
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fatal uprising from the Abassids
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ummayads weren’t giving warriors that settled in Merv in the eastern Iranian border of the Empire their fair share of the booty
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">they also resented dictates that came from distant Damascus and saw Umayyads as corrupt & decadent
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">palace officials tried to introduce new troops to the area - this sparked a revolt that spread over the eastern empire
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the Abbasid party frontier warriors openly challenged Umayyad armies by 747. They forged alliances with other anti-Umayyads groups such as the Shi’a and non-Arab converts to Islam and were led by Abu al-Abbas, a descendant of the Prophet’s uncle.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Battle of the River Zab near the Tigris - Abassid victory against the Umayyad caliph-led forces. The Abassids conquered Syria and the Umayyad empire.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Droid Sans'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Abu al-Abbas sneak attacked the Umayads to a “reconciliation” banquet and then slaughtered them and the rest of their family (official end of Umayyads)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 36pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Byzantine Empire <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">by Sarah, Eddie, Matteo, and Sam <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (matteo) || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- The Empire’s wealth was dependant upon a solid tax base in the peasant agriculture of the Eastern Mediterranean. The peasants provided a majority of the goods produced by the empire, due to the large amount of people in the lower class. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Important goods such as food were sold at relatively low prices. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Their main trading source was with the Mediterranean and Middle East. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - They established trade routes with China, Scandinavia, Northern Africa, Western Kingdoms, and Middle East. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Established a quality silk industry from techniques brought from the East. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Textiles and spices were also important within trade routes. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Because the empire maintained control of the Bosporus Strait, and it was able to maintain prices due to its wealthy, trade thrived, but as power in Constantinople decreased, a lack in trade arose. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Sarah) || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Justinian was unpopular with the people because they resented being heavily taxed to pay for wars of expansion <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Traitor) || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-led by emperor, who was chosen by God, and who led the church and state <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -The emperor passed religious laws along with nonreligious ones <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -Court rituals showed the idea of a divine ruler, though they stopped the leaders from doing certain things <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -Women were also emperors, showing more of an equality in the upper class. Two notable empresses were Theodora(not Justinina’s wife) and Zoe, who ruled at the same time <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -The Byzantine empire had a huge and elaborate bureaucracy <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -This was similar to what ancient Han China had <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -This government had many aristocrats and had a lot of specialized bureaucrats <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -Some positions in the empire also became hereditary, which allowed for people with less education to receive important jobs || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Traitor) || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-The empire interacted mostly through trade, with goods coming in from as far away as China <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -The Byzantine empire was also attacked by arab and slavic (north-east europe) kingdoms <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -The empire also interacted with western Europe, with the Byzantines usually being more advanced <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -This empire also interacted with the Roman Catholic Church. Byzantine emperors did not like how much power the Pope wanted over them, so they began to separate from the R.C church, eventually forming the eastern orthodox church || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ( Ginger :) ) || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Emperor was chosen by god, he led both the church and state <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Sarah) || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the main language was Greek, which made reading ancient scholarly texts easy -- Bynzantine scholars continued the Greek intellectual culture (intellectual syncretism between the Hellenistic and Byzantine periods) > <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> matteo || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Greek Fire** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> was a fire powered by water that was used on ships that was important in stopping Arab ships from capturing Constantinople <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Technology to create massive scale architecture. The Hagia Sophia was the largest domed building of its time. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Reintroduced Roman Gothic style architecture. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">S
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Byzantine emperors married into Bulgarian families to help control the region (women used as political pawns)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">women were sometimes emperors, but were subject to whims of fate and political scheming
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">theodora had a lot of control over Justinian, her husband
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">EMPRESS THEODORA -- curbed bureaucratic corruption & was criticized for being too harsh w/ personal enemies
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the peasant class was taxed the most severely ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">R
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Close ties between church and state
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Religious mosaics ( <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**icon paintings** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) that showed many symbols of Christianity (Saints, Jesus, etc.) were some of the greatest works to come from the Byzantine Empire. Artists also struggled to depict Jesus and they showed many of their own values in mosaics showing him.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Emperor chose religious officials such as bishops.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Men like Patriarch Michael brought up many issues and created a very large divide between Eastern and Western Christianity.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Syncretism between the Hellenistic period and Christianity. ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Intellectual
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">distinct byzantine architectural and artistic style developed fairly early on -- domes (architectural syncretism from the Romans), religious mosaics, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**icon** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> paintings [richly ornamented pictures of saints and religious figures] ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">T-
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">King Vladimir I of Russia decided to convert the country to Orthodox Christianity and make ties with the Byzantine Empire
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">wanted to complement the country’s growing military power and trade with a religion that would be broadly appealing, not just traditional Russian polytheism.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a new religion imposed by the king would bolster his authority
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Judaism & Catholicism & Islam were out (wanted a major religion associated w/ strong state, and no interference w/ pope, and to be able to drink)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the Byzantine emperor was Russia’s wealthy neighbor & sometime military ally
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Byzantine ideas, from art to manners to literature, began to shape Russia’s history
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">religion helped to unify Russia’s far-flung population
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">divided Russia from Roman Catholic western Europe
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">this eastern-western division would be long-standing, even to the present day
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">western & eastern europe developed in much the same ways:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">both spread because of the missionary appeal of Christianity, and shifted from polytheism to monotheism, but there were also compromises made.. both had northern political units (Russia, Poland, Germany, and France) that struggled to be as sophisticated.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During the Post-Classical Period, there were two major Christian civilizations in Europe. both developed ties w. the Muslim world & were major players in world trade.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE -
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">high levels of economic, political, and cultural activity from 500 to 1450CE
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">leaders saw themselves as Roman Emperors, and their empire was in many ways a continuation of the Roman Empire
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">lasted almost a thousand years, from the fall of Rome until the overthrow of the regime by Turkish invaders
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Constantinople was at the time the most important and rich cities in the world
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orthodox Christianity became one of the major branches of Christianity, and it came from Constantinople
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">major expansion of civilization where there previously had been not much -- into the Balkans & western Russia (present-day Ukraine and Belarus)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**ORIGINS OF BYZANTIUM** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">* The Byzantine Empire was shaped by the decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of the Arabs. The empire weathered many attacks and flourished for several centuries.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">began in 4th century CE with the building of Constantinople, Rome’s new capital, which became the center
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Greek was the common language (allowed for Greek scholarly works to be read)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">political structure was a complex administration centered around a remote emperor, who was surrounded by elaborate ceremonies

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**JUSTINIAN’S ACHIEVEMENTS**


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Justinian tried to reconquer territory to rebuild the roman empire.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">helped by Belisarius, made gains in north Africa & Italy
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">made Ravenna (northern Italy) their temporary capital
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">had to relinquish the middle eastern territory bc of threats of invasion of the Byzantine Empire
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">heavily influenced by his wife Theodora, who pushed for expansion
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">rebuilt Constantinople, which had been destroyed by riots over high taxes
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">systemized the Roman legal code
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hagia Sophia, huge new church
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">all the wars placed huge tax pressures on the Byzantines
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">very controlled by Theodora <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, his wife
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: square; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">after his death, all the conquered lands were lost again