Africa

Notes **p666-669** (Beginnings of the liberation struggle in Africa), **p723 - p.727** (Liberation of Nonsettler Africa, The Struggle for the Settler Colonies, and White South Africa) **p. 804 - p.806** (The Apartheid State and its Demise)

The Struggle for Settler Colonies
 * The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa**
 * small groups of Western-educated Africans due to missionary efforts
 * loyal to British & French overlords during WWI, but the war took its toll on the colony
 * rebellions because of draft of African soldiers
 * decline in demand for crops, villages went hungry for food for allied armies
 * merchants & farmers suffered from shipping shortages
 * Europeans renaged on many promises of better jobs and public honors
 * major strikes & riots after the war and intensified during the Great Depression
 * disenchanted african elite began to organize in 20s and 30s
 * African American leaders like Marcus Garvey, WEB Du Bois impacted emerging African leaders
 * efforts to build pan-African organizations
 * by the mid 1920s French and British nationalists were going separate ways
 * French speaking West african intellectuals concentrated their organizational and ideological efforts in Paris
 * negritude literary movement combated racial stereotyping
 * writers like Senegalese Leopold Sedar Senghor, Leon Damas, and AIme Cesaire celebrated that black is beautiful
 * argued that their own traditional civilizations were better for people & society than the so-called civilized Wesr
 * Western-Educated elites in British colonies were given more opps to build political parties w/in africa
 * linkage of emerging nationalists of different Brit colonies, such as the National Congress of British West Africa
 * these later evolved into political groupings concerned primarily with issues within individual colonies, such as Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast, or Nigeria
 * british granted them some representation, increasing the emphasis on colony-specific political mobilization
 * Liberation of Nonsettler Africa**
 * **Kwame Nkrumah led the decolonization in Africa through the Convention Peoples Party whose protests gained West African colonies their independence**
 * Forced labor, crops confiscated
 * bad economy (inflation in the colones)
 * The Nazi army easily defeated colonies, which used to have a reputation as a strong military force
 * Bitter struggle between the Vichy regime and those of de Gaulle's Free French.
 * new factories led to increased urbanization
 * British gold coast company launched the decolonization in Africa led by Kwame Nkrumah.
 * Established contact with leaders in Britian and French West Africa and in America in the 1930s. Rioting broke out in the 1940s.
 * Nkrumah established the Convention Peoples Party- new style of politics by organizing rallies, boycotts and strikes.
 * Educated African nationalists controlled administration
 * By 1960 all of France's west African colonies were free.
 * **Like Gandhi, Kenyatta practiced nonviolent protest but the British these protests under the Secret Army Organization, so a new state was established, causing the Arabs and Berbers to flee.**
 * Europeans went to Kenya, Southern Rhodesia and Algeria to colonize the 19th and early 20th century.
 * avoided uprisings and nationalism by indigenous populations
 * African leaders used violent independence revolutions
 * Jomo Kenyatta -nonviolent approach (Kenya African Union and the Land Freedom Army)
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">started campaign against British, but they attacked them and eventually imprisoned Kenyatta and the KAU organizers
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">National Liberation Front- mobilized large segments of the Arab and Berber population of the revolt against the French.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Secret Army Organization was against Arabs and Berbers & colonial sympathizing French people.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">harkis who were Arabs and Berbers who sided with the French fled the country.

White South Africa Afrikaners's ideology of racism was elaborate & clear The Apartheid State & Its Demise
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**In southern Africa there was horrible racial segregation under the Apartheid which had legislated discrimination**
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">blacks could not vote & whites were given the best jobs
 * centration camps (so called by British) -- many women & children died
 * In southern Africa violent revolutions ended European dominance in the Portuguese colonies of Angola and Mozambique.
 * Conflict of internal political control in which they turned over the fate of the black African majority to the supremeist Afrikaners.
 * Afrikaner National Party- sought to ensure the subjugation of blacks.
 * fought for independence from Britian in order to establish lasting white domination over political, social and economic life of the new nation.
 * **Despite the long history of Afrikaners being separate form everyone else in South Africa, progress was made towards eliminating the aparthied system. By 1994 Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa.**
 * Portugal held onto its African colonies until the mid 1970s.
 * **homelands** established within South Africa, They were designed for tribal groups with a black African population.
 * similar to reservations?
 * Cheap labor was easily available to the white minority..
 * The **African National Congress** was condemned & and African leaders such as **Nelson Mandela** were thrown in jail and other leaders, such as **Steve Biko**, were assasinated
 * An international boycott killed the South African economy. war with Namibia and Angola also drained funds significantly.
 * Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa in 1994 - very respected & capable leader, needed to be because of how volatile South Africa had the potential to be

[|Ghana Presentation]


 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria ||  || French since 1830 || began in 54, headed by National Liberation Front. || Charles de Gaulle - French president, believed that there should be equal rights between colonists and colonized people

Abdelhamid ben Badis - figur eof Islamic reform movement in Algeria || until late 80s, was a one party socialist estate

GNI per capita $4,000 respectable among African countries ||
 * Angola || November 11, 1957 || Portugal || young intellectuals - wanted more representation -- nationalism

war started as an uprising against forced cotton harvesting || Holden Alvaro Roberto - founded first national movement in 56, helped settle treaty with Portugal || plagued by war & gorilla struggles leaders dont last very long life expectancy among worst in the world || personally gained all wealth from colony (didnt go to Belgian state) || violent uprisings rubber factories
 * Belgian Congo || June 30, 1960 || wasnt a colony, all belonged to King Leopold of Belgium,

1. gave control of Congo to Belgium 2. Congo gained independence || Leopold II - free state of congo turned congo into a labor camp for rubber violent punishments for people who didnt cooperate

Patrice Lumumba-Prime minister of the Congo assasinated by the CIA because viewed as communist threat || became the Demoocratic Republic of Congo

still undeveloped, social unrest || Robert Mugabe, Banana's successor || Yes - became independent, BUT Zimbabwe currently has a devastated economy with horrible inflation, divided people, poor education, and corrupt government lots of natural disasters & no funds to cope || 1960 - 1973 internal conflict within government, invasion by Portugese
 * Zimbabwe ||  || British ||   || Canaan Banana first president April 18, 1980 - Dec 31, 1987
 * Guinea || October 1958 || French || increased political rights --> wanted more, || Ahmed Sekou toure (president 54 - 84 [death]) || YES

1984, nonviolent coup, reestablished contact w French and received aid

1990 - constitution for civil government

conflict shows trying to end corruption --> Future is positive ||
 * Kenya || Dec 12, 1963 || British || wanted say in government, and people were tired of the settlers taking up their fertile land

modernization, wanted to improve country and change the economy

land conflicts || President Mwai Kibaki - improved economy Jomo Kenyatta - presd and believed in nonviolence, wanted to unite tribes and whites, anti-communist policy || NOT REALLY

similar to US govt corruption in the govt - most cabinet members are puppets for other people socially - internal conflict over president economic - lots of crime, factories || high level of ethnic mixing ||
 * Madagascar || 1960s || French || wanted freedom, and elites still wanted a good relationship with france after independence || Philibert Tsiranana was pro Western key leader, helped stabilize government, headed Democratic Social Party of Madagascar || economic troubles


 * South Africa || May 31, 1961 || British || wanted freedom rom apartheid = legal racial discrimination, complete segregation

violence was only answer --> guerilla warfare

triggers: literacy movement, forced labor, confiscation of crops || * De Klerk - pushed for reforms to get rid of apartheid, one of few white activists
 * Nelson Mandela - imprisoned for trying to start black organizations, freed by 1990, made first black president in 1994
 * Jacob Zuma - current president || Africa's superpower --> YES, successful

but still slightly segregated and land distribution issues (70% of land owned by 3% of pop)

second highest amount of AIDS/HIV infected people in the world ||

The African independence movements were all successful in that they eventually created self-governing states where there had once been oppressed colonies. Whether through peaceful protest such as boycotting and demonstrations like in Ghana or guerilla warfare as in South Africa, these movements met their goals of independence. Yet true success lies in the long-term effects: How well is the free country doing now? Unfortunately, the answer is rarely "very well." South Africa is known as Africa's "superpower", yet it has the second highest number of AIDS/HIV infected people in the world and has major issues with only elites owning the vats majority of the land. Ghana is seen as one of the most economically stable countries in Africa, but its government has had to cut back on aid programs and budgets to make ends meet, causing unrest with the people. Madagascar, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Congo, and Angola also have underdeveloped economy, despite having been able to gain their independence. Crime and corruption, too, are issues in most countries, namely Kenya, Guinea, Zimbabwe, and Angola. Angola, specifically, has lingering guerilla warfare and internal struggle, and sadly has one of the worst life expectancies in the world. Algeria has a respectable GNI ($4,000) but it pales in comparison to more developed nations. All in all, although they were successful in their respective independence movements, Africa's individual nations are far behind the rest of the world, especially the West. This is due to a late start on independence and thus less time to organize and stabilize, but also to other factors, more difficult to overcome, such as disease and ethnic/class struggles.